Monitoring the salt crusts in arid AREAS by satellite data processing inthis research, monitoring the salt crusts of KASHAN andMAHARLOO arid AREAS by using LISSIII datas of IRS-P6 satellitewas accomplished. After exerting essential corrections for visual interpretation, contrast optimization and making pseudo-colorful imageswere used to specity the salt crusts. Then, according to the salt crusts’ spectral reflections in different bands and spectral rationing, RSCI(ratio salt crust index) and NDSCI (normalized different salt crustindex ) were described. The purpose of submitting these indexes is tomaximize the differences between spectral reflection and itsbackground in order to make a high quality image for them to bedistinctive. finally, by using threshold and error matrix, it wasspecified that RSCI and NDSCI indexes showed the best separation. The results showed that RSCI and NDSCI indexes are functional formonitoring the salt crusts of arid AREAS using mutti-spectral satellitedata.

The desert AREAS of the playas are important due to the diversity of geomorphological landforms and the great potential for geo-tourism development. These AREAS can be provided using statistical and quantitative models to determine the AREAS with a higher geomorphological diversity value to land planners for the sustainable development. This research was conducted to evaluate the geomorphodiversity in Mesileh playas in Namak Lake and Hoz-e- Sultan region. The geomorphological landforms in this area were extracted using satellite images and field studies, Fragstats software and the eight quantitative indicators of the landscape metrics include Patch Richness Density, Relative Patch Richness, Simpsons Evenness Index, Index Shannon Evenness, Shannons Diversity Index, Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Sahanon Evenness Index were exerted to evaluate the richness of geomorphological units in Masileh playas. The results indicate that the geomorphological units of alluvial fans, salt flats, salt mud flats and dunes, respectively, have the highest value among the landscape metrics. In addition, from the point of view of the landscape metrics, the northwest regions of Kashan and Abuzeydabad have the most incredible variety of geomorphology. This research showed that geomorphological units could be used as a suitable indicator in evaluating the diversity of the landscape, especially in flat AREAS with morphometric and geological diversity.

Analyzing administrative documents holds significant importance within the realms of archaeology and sociology, akin to the study of other archaeological evidence. These examinations play a pivotal role in reconstructing various systems, encompassing management, social dynamics, economic structures, and political frameworks. Delving into administrative management within prehistoric societies unveils the intricate social intricacies and the supervision exercised by a designated leader or head over a subordinate group, representing an internal control mechanism. Notably, seals, impressions on seals, and diverse accounting artifacts serve as pivotal administrative documents. However, the exploration and investigation of such cultural data in northwestern Iran remain relatively scarce. Therefore, the current study endeavors to present, evaluate, and scrutinize the administrative records of Chalcolithic societies in northwestern Iran, employing a descriptive-analytical approach. Numerous inquiries persist without resolution regarding the administrative records and evidence pertaining to the later prehistory of northwest Iran. Ambiguity surrounds the quantification of Chalcolithic administrative documents within this region. Furthermore, the methodology for analyzing and evaluating the ownership and managerial evidence from the later prehistoric era in this area remains unclear. Addressing these uncertainties can establish a definitive framework and a solid foundation for investigating these matters in northwest Iran. Leveraging administrative data obtained from various sites including Tepe Chay Khoy, Chakhmaqluq, Tepe Kulyeri (Tepe Caravanserai), Sohachay Tepe, and others, the authors conduct an assessment of managerial evidence in the northwestern region of Iran. Furthermore, utilizing extant cultural artifacts and drawing upon the outcomes of prior studies facilitates an exploration into phenomena such as long-distance trade, economic endeavors, social intricacies, and cultural exchanges with neighboring AREAS

Urban Spaces Occurrence position Urban anomalies in result we are witnessing the lack of Occurrence security in the city. Security is one of the basic needs for human development, so identify quantitative and qualitative indicators and factors affecting the environmental characteristics of And its impact on social security of citizens are necessary. The objective this study is to assess security in urban AREAS Sarakhs. This study attempts to by comparing the social security in the AREAS of comparative urban AREAS Sarakhs evaluate. For achieving to research aims of social security to cover the 5 components (security Life, financial security, security in urban AREAS, the role of the security police, social trust) are each criteria was considered. Research method Descriptive -Analytic and survey. Statistical population 54-15 year old residents are included in Sarakhs that cluster sampling method the sample of 248 people have been studied. Information Through questionnaires Collected and using Vikor model was analyzed. The results show that factors related to feel safe urban spaces In all urban AREAS studied The study is better than other factors. Regions two and three of fern. The most their sense of security Life Having. factors police force In AREAS 1, 4, 5 the greatest impact on the sense of security Citizens.

Purpose-Social responsibility for environmental protection at all levels and strata of society is an issue that is explicitly emphasized in paragraph 14 of the General Environmental Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the villagers as the main users of environmental resources are expected to take environmental responsibility without exception. The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify level of responsibility of environmental behaviors of villagers and determine social factors affecting it. Design/methodology/approach-In this research, the framework of social psychology was used and the research method was survey and cross-sectional. The unit of analysis is the rural individuals. The statistical population of the study is all residents of rural AREAS of Mazandaran province in 1398/2019. The sampling method of multi-stage cluster sampling was used. The number of study villages surveyed was 30 villages and the sample size was 536 people. The data required for the research were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. Finding-The results showed that the level of responsible environmental behavior of villagers is at a moderate level. In addition, the results of multivariate analyzes indicate that there is a significant relationship between social psychological factors (religious beliefs, environmental values and environmental knowledge) and responsible behaviors towards the environment. In the final evaluation, it can be said that the modified model of social psychological factors seems a suitable model for studying factors affecting environmental behaviors in rural communities and can be useful as a model for conducting similar research in other rural AREAS of the country.

The appropriate allocation of development budget for the safety upgrading of roads is one of the most specific safety management criteria in the roads. Determining the high risk AREAS and their prioritization for their accident probability is the fundamental step for planning of the roads safety.The determination of the risk of an area, is usually implemented by the investigating the frequency of accidents, rate of accidents, and the intensity of accidents. In this paper making use of Bayesian Theory, a method for determination of the risk in various points in a road and their prioritization is developed. In this method, on the basis of present information on accidents in one section, (which may be according to the engineering judgment or the statistics of accidents in the past years), the accident risk of the section is estimated and then by observation the real accidents occurred up to the end of the year, the risk rate of that section is estimated. Then these AREAS (which are similar to each other from traffic and geometrical points of view) are prioritized on the basis of their accident probability.One of the major factors in prediction of accidents in an accident prone section is the number of occurred accidents there. The greater the number of accidents compared to the traffic volume, the higher the number of risky factors. The second factor responsible for the accident probability of a section in the road is the intensity of accidents. The ratio of accidents which are ended to death toll, to the total number of accidents on that section is the intensity rate of accidents.Therefore in this research the accident prone AREAS are prioritized according to both parameters for their probability of accidents.The behavior of a section in the road for its accident proneness should be specified according to the distribution function of accidents there, to the traffic volume on that section. The higher the accuracy of fitting of a distribution functions on the accidents statistics, the more precise will be the prediction of accidents in the future.In this paper a model has been developed on the basis of Bayesian theory for determination of the risk rate of an area. The accuracy of the developed method comparing to other models is higher, in case of availability if some pert data in the study. By using this method it would be possible to determine the safety criteria for all the similar points through sampling of some points and studying their characteristics. Not to mention that the developed method, although is one of the statistical inference methods, but is sensitive towards its preliminary assumptions which are the former distribution function and the risk function. Due to sampling of similar AREAS, the Bayesian Method is more accurate for determination of the risk factor compared to classic methods.

Throughout history, natural hazards, especially floods and floods, have been one of the biggest and most important environmental crises, killing thousands of people every year and causing great damage to human society and the environment. This phenomenon has sometimes had more effects in arid and semi-arid regions and has also increased the amount of damage. Flood zoning is the first and most basic step in flood management and damage assessment. In this regard, this research, which is of applied type, has been collected with the aim of identifying and zoning of settlements in danger of flood occurrence in arid AREAS, especially in Farrokhi Abriz basin. The method used is to use simultaneous descriptive-analytical methods that use the Geographic Information System (Gis) to identify flooding and hazardous AREAS and height, rainfall, vegetation, distance from the main river, land Recognition, slope, drainage network and land use have been considered and their maps have been extracted. The results of studies and analyzes showed that the central parts of the Farrokhi Basin, as well as some high and sloping AREAS west of the basin, are most at risk of flooding. The residential centers of Varzeq, Varzeg, Abbas Abad, Gorganj and Borj Mohad are in severe danger and need sufficient attention to prevent life-threatening and financial risks. Also, Farrokhi, Mehdiabad and Khoshk-e-Khoshkh residential centers are located in AREAS with low and very low risk of flooding.

Excessive migration from rural AREAS to cities is one of the most challenges of most developing countries like Iran. A significant way is encouraging reverse migration to rural AREAS. So, many studies have focused so far on identifying the factors affecting reverse migration. This study tried to identify the factors affecting reverse migration from urban AREAS of Kermanshah to its rural AREAS. This survey used researcher-made questionnaire to collect the data. The data analysis was done using the descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population constituted the households that have migrated to different rural AREAS of Kermanshah over the last 5 years. Questionnaires were randomly distributed among 384 households, and 371 questionnaires were completed. The data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. The results showe 9 factors that could explain 62% of the variance of 38 items, pertaining to factors affecting reverse migration from urban AREAS to rural AREAS in Kermanshah: housing, costs-income of the families, cultural-biological issues, level of access to educational and health services, the physical factor, job opportunities in rural AREAS, sense of belonging and being native, and tourism attractions and handicrafts. Moreover, the least affecting factor on reverse migration policies was supporting policies of governments for the villagers. From among the variables, the availability of educational facilities for children (having a factor load of 85%) and the governments’ support for the agricultural sector regarding providing seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and so on (having a factor load of 84%) have the greatest impact on reverse migration, respectively.